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The telescopes

  • 1 направлен на

    •

    The report is aimed at promoting a better understanding of...

    •

    Primary X-rays are directed on to a secondary target.

    •

    A beam is directed at a target.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > направлен на

  • 2 направлен на

    •

    The report is aimed at promoting a better understanding of...

    •

    Primary X-rays are directed on to a secondary target.

    •

    A beam is directed at a target.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > направлен на

  • 3 сложность

    •

    The complexity of the reaction...

    •

    The severity of the problem is often influenced by psychological factors.

    II

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > сложность

  • 4 снабженный

    the need to build a giant launch vehicle with engines having a thrust bordering on the fantastic
    telescopes equipped with spectrographs, photometers, cameras

    Русско-английский словарь по космонавтике > снабженный

  • 5 что расширило диапазон исследований

    the balloon-borne telescopes ascended to altitudes of 20 km and over. The range of investigations has thus been extended…

    Русско-английский словарь по космонавтике > что расширило диапазон исследований

  • 6 прекрасно справляться с задачей

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > прекрасно справляться с задачей

  • 7 при хорошей видимости

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > при хорошей видимости

  • 8 телескопы стали поднимать на стратостатах на высоты … и более

    Русско-английский словарь по космонавтике > телескопы стали поднимать на стратостатах на высоты … и более

  • 9 resumir

    v.
    1 to summarize.
    Ricardo cifró los datos escritos Richard summarized the written data.
    2 to sum up, to recapitulate, to wrap up.
    * * *
    1 (reducir) to summarize
    2 (concluir) to sum up
    ■ resumiendo, es una novela excelente in short, it's an excellent novel
    1 to be summarized, be summed up
    2 (venir a ser) to be reduced (en, to), boil down (en, to)
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1.
    VT (=recapitular) to sum up; (=condensar) to summarize; (=cortar) to abridge, shorten
    2.
    VI

    bueno, resumiendo,... — so, to sum up,..., so, in short,...

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( condensar) <texto/libro> to summarize
    b) ( recapitular) <discurso/argumento> to sum up
    2.

    resumiendo... — in short..., to sum up...

    * * *
    = summarise [summarize, -USA], synthesise [synthesize, -USA], sum up, abstract, telescope, encapsulate, abridge.
    Ex. The objective is to summarize the contribution made by the original's author, but to exclude any peripheral material.
    Ex. These elementary constituents of compound subjects have been synthesized, or combined, in a preferred citation order, to form the index description of the compound class.
    Ex. The reason such a question gets asked so often is because there's no agreed upon answer that neatly sums up the Internet.
    Ex. For example, a paper that discusses diseases in dogs, cats, and chickens might have only the part about dogs abstracted if the user group is doing research on diseases in dogs.
    Ex. What certainly happens without a doubt is that the experienced librarian telescopes into what may appear to be a single instantaneous decision a whole series of logically-connected search steps.
    Ex. The Manifesto encapsulates the principles and priorities of public libraries in widely varying contexts.
    Ex. Inevitably any abridgement poses the dilemma how to abridge, that is, what to leave out and what to include.
    ----
    * en resumidas cuentas = bottom line, the.
    * estilo de resumir = abstracting style.
    * instrumento para resumir e indizar = abstracting and indexing tool.
    * para resumir = to sum up, to sum it up, to make a long story short, to recap, to cut a long story short, simply put, simply stated.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( condensar) <texto/libro> to summarize
    b) ( recapitular) <discurso/argumento> to sum up
    2.

    resumiendo... — in short..., to sum up...

    * * *
    = summarise [summarize, -USA], synthesise [synthesize, -USA], sum up, abstract, telescope, encapsulate, abridge.

    Ex: The objective is to summarize the contribution made by the original's author, but to exclude any peripheral material.

    Ex: These elementary constituents of compound subjects have been synthesized, or combined, in a preferred citation order, to form the index description of the compound class.
    Ex: The reason such a question gets asked so often is because there's no agreed upon answer that neatly sums up the Internet.
    Ex: For example, a paper that discusses diseases in dogs, cats, and chickens might have only the part about dogs abstracted if the user group is doing research on diseases in dogs.
    Ex: What certainly happens without a doubt is that the experienced librarian telescopes into what may appear to be a single instantaneous decision a whole series of logically-connected search steps.
    Ex: The Manifesto encapsulates the principles and priorities of public libraries in widely varying contexts.
    Ex: Inevitably any abridgement poses the dilemma how to abridge, that is, what to leave out and what to include.
    * en resumidas cuentas = bottom line, the.
    * estilo de resumir = abstracting style.
    * instrumento para resumir e indizar = abstracting and indexing tool.
    * para resumir = to sum up, to sum it up, to make a long story short, to recap, to cut a long story short, simply put, simply stated.

    * * *
    resumir [I1 ]
    vt
    1 (condensar) ‹texto/libro› to summarize
    2 (recapitular) ‹discurso/argumento› to sum up
    ■ resumir
    vi
    resumiendo, creo que fue un encuentro positivo in short o to sum up o all in all, I think it was a positive meeting
    * * *

     

    resumir ( conjugate resumir) verbo transitivo
    a) ( condensar) ‹texto/libro› to summarize

    b) ( recapitular) ‹discurso/argumento› to sum up

    verbo intransitivo:
    ◊ resumiendo … in short …, to sum up …

    resumir vtr (una situación) to sum up
    (un texto, informe, una noticia) to summarize
    ♦ Locuciones: en resumidas cuentas, to sum up

    ' resumir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abreviar
    - ir
    - sintetizar
    - total
    English:
    condense
    - encapsulate
    - outline
    - recap
    - sum up
    - summarize
    - recapitulate
    - review
    - sum
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    [abreviar] to summarize; [discurso] to sum up
    ♦ vi
    to sum up;
    resume, no queda mucho tiempo just give us a summary, there's not much time left;
    resumiendo, que estamos muy contentos con los resultados to sum up o in short, we are very happy with the results
    * * *
    v/t summarize
    * * *
    : to summarize, to sum up
    * * *
    1. (en general) to summarize
    2. (recapitular) to sum up [pt. & pp. summed]

    Spanish-English dictionary > resumir

  • 10 sin duda

    adv.
    without a doubt, certainly, surely, assuredly.
    intj.
    you bet, I'll warrant.
    * * *
    no doubt, without a doubt
    * * *
    (adj.) = doubtless, no doubt, of course, surely, to be sure, undoubtedly, indubitably, without a doubt, without doubt, no mistake, hands down
    Ex. CD-ROMs and videodiscs are the formats currently mentioned, but others will doubtless join them.
    Ex. The compiler of the classification scheme will no doubt be all too familiar with the order of subjects within the scheme = El compilador del sistema de clasificación sin duda estará muy familiariazado con el orden de las materias dentro del sistema.
    Ex. The library catalogue is, of course, a much more effective index to the documents in the collection than the arrangement of the documents themselves.
    Ex. Paperback bibles are included in the category of 'other', which must surely indicate that they are a negligible quantity.
    Ex. To be sure, there is not much flexibility in the classical bookform catalog.
    Ex. Undoubtedly the most important citation indexes are the products of the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI).
    Ex. These changes will indubitably be ruled by the demands of commercial markets, largely multi-media entertainment, not the requirements of the academic community.
    Ex. What certainly happens without a doubt is that the experienced librarian telescopes into what may appear to be a single instantaneous decision a whole series of logically-connected search steps.
    Ex. Magnetic disks are, without doubt, the most important medium for bulk data storage in microcomputers.
    Ex. We were in a pickle too and no mistake.
    Ex. The absolute, hands down, without question best social network in the blogosphere.
    * * *
    (adj.) = doubtless, no doubt, of course, surely, to be sure, undoubtedly, indubitably, without a doubt, without doubt, no mistake, hands down

    Ex: CD-ROMs and videodiscs are the formats currently mentioned, but others will doubtless join them.

    Ex: The compiler of the classification scheme will no doubt be all too familiar with the order of subjects within the scheme = El compilador del sistema de clasificación sin duda estará muy familiariazado con el orden de las materias dentro del sistema.
    Ex: The library catalogue is, of course, a much more effective index to the documents in the collection than the arrangement of the documents themselves.
    Ex: Paperback bibles are included in the category of 'other', which must surely indicate that they are a negligible quantity.
    Ex: To be sure, there is not much flexibility in the classical bookform catalog.
    Ex: Undoubtedly the most important citation indexes are the products of the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI).
    Ex: These changes will indubitably be ruled by the demands of commercial markets, largely multi-media entertainment, not the requirements of the academic community.
    Ex: What certainly happens without a doubt is that the experienced librarian telescopes into what may appear to be a single instantaneous decision a whole series of logically-connected search steps.
    Ex: Magnetic disks are, without doubt, the most important medium for bulk data storage in microcomputers.
    Ex: We were in a pickle too and no mistake.
    Ex: The absolute, hands down, without question best social network in the blogosphere.

    Spanish-English dictionary > sin duda

  • 11 Guinand, Pierre Louis

    [br]
    b. 20 April 1748 Brenets, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
    d. 13 February 1824 Brenets, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
    [br]
    Swiss optical glassmaker.
    [br]
    Guinand received little formal education and followed his father's trade of joiner. He specialized in making clock cases, but after learning how to cast metals he took up the more lucrative work of making watch cases. When he was about 20 years old, in a customer's house he caught sight of an English telescope, a rarity in a Swiss mountain village. Intrigued, he obtained permission to examine it. This aroused his interest in optical matters and he began making spectacles and small telescopes.
    Achromatic lenses were becoming known, their use being to remove the defect of chromatic aberration or coloured optical images, but there remained defects due to imperfections in the glass itself. Stimulated by offers of prizes by scientific bodies, including the Royal Society of London, for removing these defects, Guinand set out to remedy them. He embarked in 1784 on a long and arduous series of experiments, varying the materials and techniques for making glass. The even more lucrative trade of making bells for repeaters provided the funds for a furnace capable of holding 2 cwt (102 kg) of molten glass. By 1798 or so he had succeeded in making discs of homogeneous glass. He impressed the famous Parisian astronomer de Lalande with them and his glass became well enough known for scientists to visit him. In 1805 Fraunhofer persuaded Guinand to join his optical-instrument works at Benediktheurn, in Bavaria, to make lenses. After nine years, Guinand returned to Brenets with a pension, on condition he made no more glass and disclosed no details of his methods. After two years these conditions had become irksome and he relinquished the pension. On 19 February 1823 Guinand described his discoveries in his classic "Memoir on the making of optical glass, more particularly of glass of high refractive index for use in the production of achromatic lenses", presented to the Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève. This gives details of his experiments and investigations and discusses a suitable pot-clay stirrer and stirring mechanism for the molten glass, with temperature control, to overcome optical-glass defects such as bubbles, seeds, cords and colours. Guinand was hailed as the man in Europe who had achieved this and has thus rightly been called the founder of the era of optical glassmaking.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    The fullest account in English of Guinand's life and work is 'Some account of the late M. Guinand and of the discovery made by him in the manufacture of flint glass for large telescopes by F.R., extracted from the Bibliothèque Universelle des Sciences, trans.
    C.F.de B.', Quart.J.Sci.Roy.Instn.Lond. (1825) 19: 244–58.
    M.von Rohr, 1924, "Pierre Louis Guinand", Zeitschrift für Instr., 46:121, 139, with an English summary in J.Glass. Tech., (1926) 10: abs. 150–1.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Guinand, Pierre Louis

  • 12 abreviar

    v.
    1 to shorten.
    2 to hurry up (darse prisa).
    3 to abbreviate, to abridge, to condense, to curtail.
    Contraje tu ensayo por estética I shortened your essay for aesthetics.
    4 to reduce, to decrease.
    Abreviar la velocidad Reduce speed.
    * * *
    1 (acortar) to shorten, cut short
    2 (texto) to abridge; (palabra) to abbreviate
    \
    abreviar los trámites to speed up the formalities
    para abreviar to cut a long story short
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=acortar) [+ palabra] to abbreviate; [+ texto] to abridge, reduce; [+ discurso, estancia etc] to shorten, cut short
    2) (=acercar) [+ fecha] to bring forward; [+ acontecimiento] to hasten
    2.
    VI (=apresurarse) to be quick

    bueno, para abreviar... — well, to cut a long story short...

    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo <permanencia/visita> to cut short; < plazo> to shorten; <texto/artículo> to abridge; < palabra> to abbreviate
    2.

    abrevia, que se hace tarde — cut it short, it's getting late

    abreviando... — in short...

    * * *
    = abbreviate, telescope.
    Ex. The Dewey Decimal Classification ( abbreviated to either DC or DDC) is arguably the most important bibliographic classification scheme.
    Ex. What certainly happens without a doubt is that the experienced librarian telescopes into what may appear to be a single instantaneous decision a whole series of logically-connected search steps.
    ----
    * interrumpir para abreviar = cut + Nombre + short.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo <permanencia/visita> to cut short; < plazo> to shorten; <texto/artículo> to abridge; < palabra> to abbreviate
    2.

    abrevia, que se hace tarde — cut it short, it's getting late

    abreviando... — in short...

    * * *
    = abbreviate, telescope.

    Ex: The Dewey Decimal Classification ( abbreviated to either DC or DDC) is arguably the most important bibliographic classification scheme.

    Ex: What certainly happens without a doubt is that the experienced librarian telescopes into what may appear to be a single instantaneous decision a whole series of logically-connected search steps.
    * interrumpir para abreviar = cut + Nombre + short.

    * * *
    abreviar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹estancia/visita› to cut short; ‹plazo› to shorten; ‹texto/artículo› to abridge
    tuvo que abreviar su visita he had to cut short his visit
    2 ‹palabra› to abbreviate
    ■ abreviar
    vi
    abrevia, que se hace tarde cut it short, it's getting late
    abreviando, no sabemos nada todavía in short, we don't know anything yet
    * * *

    abreviar ( conjugate abreviar) verbo transitivo ‹permanencia/visita› to cut short;
    ‹ plazo› to shorten;
    ‹texto/artículo› to abridge;
    ‹ palabra› to abbreviate
    verbo intransitivo:
    ◊ abreviando … in short …

    abreviar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to shorten: abreviaremos nuestra estancia en Niza, we'll cut short our stay in Nice
    2 (resumir o acortar un texto) to abridge: ¿puedes abreviar un poco el prólogo?, could you abridge the prologue a bit?
    3 (una palabra) to abbreviate
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 to be quick o brief: ¡abrevia, que no llegamos! be quick, or we'll never get there!
    ♦ Locuciones: para abreviar, to cut a long story short: ... para abreviar: no fue a la entrevista, to cut a long story short: she didn't go to the interview

    ' abreviar' also found in these entries:
    English:
    abbreviate
    - curtail
    - do
    - short
    - shorten
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [proceso, explicación] to shorten;
    [viaje, estancia] to cut short
    2. [texto] to abridge
    3. [palabra] to abbreviate
    ♦ vi
    [darse prisa] to hurry up;
    para abreviar [al hacer algo] to keep it quick;
    [al narrar algo] to cut a long story short;
    ¡venga, abrevia! come on, keep it short!
    * * *
    v/t shorten; palabra tb
    abbreviate; texto tb
    abridge
    * * *
    1) : to abbreviate
    2) : to shorten, to cut short
    * * *
    1. (palabra) to abbreviate
    2. (reunión, etc) to cut short [pt. & pp. cut]
    ¡abrevia! hurry up!
    abrevia, que tengo prisa hurry up I'm in a hurry

    Spanish-English dictionary > abreviar

  • 13 condensar

    v.
    1 to condense (also figurative).
    El vidrio condensa el vapor The glass condenses the vapor.
    2 to summarize, to compress, to abridge, to condense.
    Ricardo condensó el tema del libro Richard summarized the book's topic.
    * * *
    1 to condense
    1 to condense
    * * *
    1.
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to condense
    2.
    condensarse v pron to condense
    * * *
    = condense, telescope, encapsulate.
    Ex. Here entry is made under the original author of an edition that has been revised, enlarged, updated, condensed, and so on by another person.
    Ex. What certainly happens without a doubt is that the experienced librarian telescopes into what may appear to be a single instantaneous decision a whole series of logically-connected search steps.
    Ex. The Manifesto encapsulates the principles and priorities of public libraries in widely varying contexts.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo to condense
    2.
    condensarse v pron to condense
    * * *
    = condense, telescope, encapsulate.

    Ex: Here entry is made under the original author of an edition that has been revised, enlarged, updated, condensed, and so on by another person.

    Ex: What certainly happens without a doubt is that the experienced librarian telescopes into what may appear to be a single instantaneous decision a whole series of logically-connected search steps.
    Ex: The Manifesto encapsulates the principles and priorities of public libraries in widely varying contexts.

    * * *
    condensar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹gas/vapor› to condense
    2 ‹texto› to condense; ‹cuento› to abridge
    to condense
    * * *

    condensar ( conjugate condensar) verbo transitivo
    to condense
    condensarse verbo pronominal
    to condense
    condensar verbo transitivo, condensarse verbo reflexivo to condense
    ' condensar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    condensarse
    - resumir
    English:
    compress
    - condense
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [aire, vapor] to condense
    2. [texto, conferencia] to condense;
    condensó su discurso en diez minutos she condensed her speech into ten minutes
    * * *
    v/t
    1 condense
    2 libro abridge
    * * *
    : to condense

    Spanish-English dictionary > condensar

  • 14 teleobjetivo

    m.
    telephoto lens.
    * * *
    1 telephoto lens
    * * *
    SM telephoto lens, zoom lens
    * * *
    masculino telephoto lens
    * * *
    = zoom lens, telephoto lens, telephoto zoom lens, telephoto, zoom.
    Ex. Early forms of zoom lenses were used in optical telescopes to provide continuous variation of the magnification of the image.
    Ex. He certainly invaded her privacy by using a telephoto lens to photograph her inside her home when she was topless or partly dressed.
    Ex. Telephoto zoom lenses allow you to capture details normally missed by the eye.
    Ex. For wildlife work with telephotos, that's what counts 95% of the time.
    Ex. Finally it is worth noting that images taken with a zoom can be darker because less light travels through the lens.
    * * *
    masculino telephoto lens
    * * *
    = zoom lens, telephoto lens, telephoto zoom lens, telephoto, zoom.

    Ex: Early forms of zoom lenses were used in optical telescopes to provide continuous variation of the magnification of the image.

    Ex: He certainly invaded her privacy by using a telephoto lens to photograph her inside her home when she was topless or partly dressed.
    Ex: Telephoto zoom lenses allow you to capture details normally missed by the eye.
    Ex: For wildlife work with telephotos, that's what counts 95% of the time.
    Ex: Finally it is worth noting that images taken with a zoom can be darker because less light travels through the lens.

    * * *
    telephoto lens
    * * *

    teleobjetivo sustantivo masculino zoom lens sing
    ' teleobjetivo' also found in these entries:
    English:
    telephoto
    - zoom lens
    - zoom
    * * *
    telephoto lens
    * * *
    m FOT telephoto lens

    Spanish-English dictionary > teleobjetivo

  • 15 un mundo aparte

    = a world apart, a breed apart
    Ex. The general impression was that information staff lived in a world apart, only partially accessible to possible users.
    Ex. The scientists who study these grains of ancient stardust are a breed apart from the astronomers who rely on telescopes to gather information about the stars.
    * * *
    = a world apart, a breed apart

    Ex: The general impression was that information staff lived in a world apart, only partially accessible to possible users.

    Ex: The scientists who study these grains of ancient stardust are a breed apart from the astronomers who rely on telescopes to gather information about the stars.

    Spanish-English dictionary > un mundo aparte

  • 16 zoom

    m.
    * * *
    1 zoom, zoom lens
    * * *
    [θum]
    SM (=objetivo) zoom lens; (=toma) zoom shot
    * * *
    [sum, θum]
    masculino zoom (lens)
    * * *
    = zoom lens, zoom.
    Ex. Early forms of zoom lenses were used in optical telescopes to provide continuous variation of the magnification of the image.
    Ex. Finally it is worth noting that images taken with a zoom can be darker because less light travels through the lens.
    ----
    * hacer zoom = zoom in.
    * * *
    [sum, θum]
    masculino zoom (lens)
    * * *
    = zoom lens, zoom.

    Ex: Early forms of zoom lenses were used in optical telescopes to provide continuous variation of the magnification of the image.

    Ex: Finally it is worth noting that images taken with a zoom can be darker because less light travels through the lens.
    * hacer zoom = zoom in.

    * * *
    /sum, θum/
    zoom lens, zoom
    hay un acercamiento con zoom the camera zooms in
    * * *

    zoom /sum/, /θum/ sustantivo masculino
    zoom (lens)
    zoom m Fot Cine zoom
    ' zoom' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    lente
    - teleobjetivo
    English:
    zoom
    - zoom in
    - zoom lens
    * * *
    zoom [θum] (pl zooms) nm
    Fot zoom lens
    * * *
    m FOT zoom;
    usar el zoom zoom in
    * * *
    zoom nm
    : zoom lens

    Spanish-English dictionary > zoom

  • 17 polvo de estrellas

    (n.) = stardust
    Ex. The scientists who study these grains of ancient stardust are a breed apart from the astronomers who rely on telescopes to gather information about the stars.
    * * *
    (n.) = stardust

    Ex: The scientists who study these grains of ancient stardust are a breed apart from the astronomers who rely on telescopes to gather information about the stars.

    Spanish-English dictionary > polvo de estrellas

  • 18 telescopio óptico

    Ex. Early forms of zoom lenses were used in optical telescopes to provide continuous variation of the magnification of the image.
    * * *

    Ex: Early forms of zoom lenses were used in optical telescopes to provide continuous variation of the magnification of the image.

    Spanish-English dictionary > telescopio óptico

  • 19 sin dudar

    adv.
    without hesitation.
    * * *
    Ex. What certainly happens without a doubt is that the experienced librarian telescopes into what may appear to be a single instantaneous decision a whole series of logically-connected search steps.
    * * *

    Ex: What certainly happens without a doubt is that the experienced librarian telescopes into what may appear to be a single instantaneous decision a whole series of logically-connected search steps.

    Spanish-English dictionary > sin dudar

  • 20 Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside

    [br]
    b. 26 November 1810 Shieldfield, Newcastle upon Tyne, England
    d. 27 December 1900 Cragside, Northumbria, England
    [br]
    English inventor, engineer and entrepreneur in hydraulic engineering, shipbuilding and the production of artillery.
    [br]
    The only son of a corn merchant, Alderman William Armstrong, he was educated at private schools in Newcastle and at Bishop Auckland Grammar School. He then became an articled clerk in the office of Armorer Donkin, a solicitor and a friend of his father. During a fishing trip he saw a water-wheel driven by an open stream to work a marble-cutting machine. He felt that its efficiency would be improved by introducing the water to the wheel in a pipe. He developed an interest in hydraulics and in electricity, and became a popular lecturer on these subjects. From 1838 he became friendly with Henry Watson of the High Bridge Works, Newcastle, and for six years he visited the Works almost daily, studying turret clocks, telescopes, papermaking machinery, surveying instruments and other equipment being produced. There he had built his first hydraulic machine, which generated 5 hp when run off the Newcastle town water-mains. He then designed and made a working model of a hydraulic crane, but it created little interest. In 1845, after he had served this rather unconventional apprenticeship at High Bridge Works, he was appointed Secretary of the newly formed Whittle Dene Water Company. The same year he proposed to the town council of Newcastle the conversion of one of the quayside cranes to his hydraulic operation which, if successful, should also be applied to a further four cranes. This was done by the Newcastle Cranage Company at High Bridge Works. In 1847 he gave up law and formed W.G.Armstrong \& Co. to manufacture hydraulic machinery in a works at Elswick. Orders for cranes, hoists, dock gates and bridges were obtained from mines; docks and railways.
    Early in the Crimean War, the War Office asked him to design and make submarine mines to blow up ships that were sunk by the Russians to block the entrance to Sevastopol harbour. The mines were never used, but this set him thinking about military affairs and brought him many useful contacts at the War Office. Learning that two eighteen-pounder British guns had silenced a whole Russian battery but were too heavy to move over rough ground, he carried out a thorough investigation and proposed light field guns with rifled barrels to fire elongated lead projectiles rather than cast-iron balls. He delivered his first gun in 1855; it was built of a steel core and wound-iron wire jacket. The barrel was multi-grooved and the gun weighed a quarter of a ton and could fire a 3 lb (1.4 kg) projectile. This was considered too light and was sent back to the factory to be rebored to take a 5 lb (2.3 kg) shot. The gun was a complete success and Armstrong was then asked to design and produce an equally successful eighteen-pounder. In 1859 he was appointed Engineer of Rifled Ordnance and was knighted. However, there was considerable opposition from the notably conservative officers of the Army who resented the intrusion of this civilian engineer in their affairs. In 1862, contracts with the Elswick Ordnance Company were terminated, and the Government rejected breech-loading and went back to muzzle-loading. Armstrong resigned and concentrated on foreign sales, which were successful worldwide.
    The search for a suitable proving ground for a 12-ton gun led to an interest in shipbuilding at Elswick from 1868. This necessitated the replacement of an earlier stone bridge with the hydraulically operated Tyne Swing Bridge, which weighed some 1450 tons and allowed a clear passage for shipping. Hydraulic equipment on warships became more complex and increasing quantities of it were made at the Elswick works, which also flourished with the reintroduction of the breech-loader in 1878. In 1884 an open-hearth acid steelworks was added to the Elswick facilities. In 1897 the firm merged with Sir Joseph Whitworth \& Co. to become Sir W.G.Armstrong Whitworth \& Co. After Armstrong's death a further merger with Vickers Ltd formed Vickers Armstrong Ltd.
    In 1879 Armstrong took a great interest in Joseph Swan's invention of the incandescent electric light-bulb. He was one of those who formed the Swan Electric Light Company, opening a factory at South Benwell to make the bulbs. At Cragside, his mansion at Roth bury, he installed a water turbine and generator, making it one of the first houses in England to be lit by electricity.
    Armstrong was a noted philanthropist, building houses for his workforce, and endowing schools, hospitals and parks. His last act of charity was to purchase Bamburgh Castle, Northumbria, in 1894, intending to turn it into a hospital or a convalescent home, but he did not live long enough to complete the work.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1859. FRS 1846. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers; Institution of Civil Engineers; British Association for the Advancement of Science 1863. Baron Armstrong of Cragside 1887.
    Further Reading
    E.R.Jones, 1886, Heroes of Industry', London: Low.
    D.J.Scott, 1962, A History of Vickers, London: Weidenfeld \& Nicolson.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside

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